邢唷> 欹'` 餜_?bjbj鲟鲟`P攰攰寯%$(虗虗虗P( 笓笓"趽趽趽~寲t<       $ hQ~ 鵁鵁鵁 趽趽4 bbb鵁趽趽 b鵁 bb X 趽瑩 €'冯?虗疃lT  0 RnZ\<鈾b茮J<<<  昕x<<< 鵁鵁鵁鵁(((虗(((虗(((  Pre-clinical Examination Syllabus For International MBBS Students Zhejiang University School of Medicine HUMAN ANATOMY Course: (I) Osteology, Arthrology 1Bone and joint of trunk 2Bone and joint of limbs 3Skull 4Arthrology (II) Splanchnology 1Alimentary System 2Respiratory System 3Urinary System 4Reproductive System 5Peritoneum (III) Cardiovascular System 1Heart 2Artery 3Vein 4Lymphatic System (IV) Visual Organ, Vestibulocochlear 1Visual Organ 2Vestibulocochlear Organ (V) Nervous System 1Spinal Nerve 2Cranial Nerves 3Visceral Nervous System 4Spinal Cord 5Brain Stem 6Cerebellum 7Diencephalon 8Telencephalon 9Nervous Pathways 10Meninges and Blood Vessels of Brain and CSF Recommended Textbook: 0A text book of Human Anatomy 0 3rd edition 0Gray'Anatomy 0, 39th Edition Supplementary Reading: Atlas of Human Anatomy, 4th Edition, Frank Netter (3rd Ed is also suitable) Grant's Atlas of Anatomy, 11th Edition, Agur & Lee, Williams & Wilkins HISTOLOGY & EMBRYOLOGY Course: I) Histology: Epithelium Connective tissue, Cartilage, Bone Blood, Blood formation, Muscle tissue Nerve tissue Skin, The circulatory system Immune System Digestive tract Respiratory system Urinary system Endocrine system, Male reproductive system Female reproductive system Sense organ General embryology General embryology Special embryology II) Embryology The Beginning of Human Development The placenta and Fetal Membranes Body Cavities, Mesenteries and Diaphragm Systems Embryology (respiratory, digestive, cardiovascular, urogenital, nervous system) Congenital Anomalies or Human Birth Defects Recommended Textbook: 揟extbook of Histology & Embryology, Netter 1st edition. William K. Ovalle, Patrick C. Nahirney. Peking University Medical Press BIOCHEMISTRY Course: I. Biomolecules (a) Classification and cellular function of carbohydrates, lipids, protein and nucleic acids and their structures. (b) Structural organization and structure-function relationships of proteins. (c) Cell membrane structure and functions. II. Enzymes (a) Nomenclature, classification, (b) Kinetics, mechanism of enzymatic catalysis. (c) Factors influencing enzymatic catalyses, enzyme activators and inhibitors. (d) Regulation of enzyme activity, (e) Clinical enzymology, isoenzymes. III. Metabolic pathways, their regulation and metabolic interrelationships Metabolism: general concepts and characteristics of metabolic pathways. Carbohydrate metabolism (a) Digestion and absorption of dietary carbohydrates (b) Pathways of glucose metabolism: glycolysis (c) Pentose phosphate shunt (d) Gluconeogenesis (e) Glycogenolysis, glycogenesis (f) Galactose and fructose metabolism (g) Glycogen storage disease (h) Inborn errors of glucose metabolism (i) Regulation of glucose metabolism. Protein turnover and amino acid metabolism (a) Digestion and absorption of dietary protein (b) General reactions, transamination, its metabolic and diagnostic significance (c) Disposal of amino acid nitrogen and detoxication of urea (d) Metabolic fate of amino acid carbon skeleton (e) Sulphur containing amino acids (f) In born errors of branched chain and aromatic amino acids (g) Important amino acid derivatives. Lipid metabolism (a) Digestion and absorption of dietary fats. (b) Biosesynthesis and degradation of fatty acids, phospolipids and triacylglycerols (c) Biosesynthesis of cholesterol, chemistry and metabolism of lipoproteins. (d) Hyperlipoproteinemias (e) Lipid storage disease. (f) Ketone bodies: their synthesis, utilization and conditions leading to ketoacidosis, prostaglandin. TCA cycle and biological oxidation, prostanoids Regulation of the metabolic pathways (a) Carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism (b) Interlinks between these pathways. (c) Organ interrelationships in metabolism, (d) Blood glucose regulation, and its impairment in diabetes mellitus. (e) Metabolic adaptation in the fed state, fasting and prolonged starvation. (f) Metabolic derangements and adaptations in diabetes mellitus. IV. Hormones (a) Molecular basis of hormonal action, signal transduction mechanisms. (b) Chemistry, functions and mechanism of action of hormones of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, panaceas, and gonads. (c) The functions and mechanism of action of steroid hormones (d) Hormonal interplay in the regulation of metabolism. V. Fat soluble and water soluble vitamins VI. Hematic Biochemistry (a) Regulation of blood pH, acidosis, alkalosis, (b) Heme synthesis. (c) Plasma proteins, their functions and clinical significance. VII. Molecular Biology (a) DNA Replication, (b) DNA Transcription (c) Post-transcriptional processing. (d) Translation of genetic code (e) Regulation of gene expression and protein synthesis inhibitors of protein synthesis. (f) DNA repair mechanisms and related disorders (g) Applied aspects of purine and pyrimidine metabolism (h) Genetic Engineering: Recombinant DNA technology (i) DNA and diagnostics (j) Telomers, telomerases Recommended Textbook: Biochemistry, Ed by Pamela Champe et al, Williams & Wilkins Supplementary Reading: 1. Biochemistry Ed. Lubert Stryer. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York. 2. Principles of Biochemistry. Ed. Lehinger, Nelson and Cox. CBS Publishers and distributors 3. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations. Ed. Thomas M. Devlin, Wiley-Liss Publishers. MEDICAL GENETICS Course: Genetics and Medical Science 1. The concepts of genetics in medicine 2. The History of genetics in medicine OMIM 3. Ontology of inherited disease DNA, Gene Structure and Human Genome 1. DNA structure and structure, function of gene, gene mutation 2. Organization of the human genome 3. Polymorphism in gene and genome 4. The Human Genome Project, physical mapping, genetic mapping Recombinant DNA and Gene Manipulations Cell-based DNA cloning PCR-based DNA cloning and DNA analyses DNA hybridization assays Patterns of Single-Gene Inheritance 1. Proband, pedigree charts and symbols in pedigree 2. Genetic disorders with classical Mendelian inheritance Patterns of autosomal dominant inheritance Huntington disease, Marfan syndrome, achondroplasia, polycystic kidney disease, familial adenomatous polyposis (2) Patterns of autosomal recessive inheritance Cystic fibrosis, xeroderma pigmentosum (3) Patterns of X-linked recessive inheritance DMD, hemophilia, G6PD deficiency (4) Patterns of X-linked dominant inheritance hypophosphatemic rickets (5) Patterns of Y-linked inheritance haired ears 3. Other factors affecting pedigree patterns (1) Onset age (2) Pleiotropy (3) Genetic heterogeneity (4) Expressivity and penetrance (5) Coefficient of relationship and consanguineous marriage (6) Sex-limited phenotypes and sex-influenced phenotypes (7) Genetic imprinting (8) Anticipation (9) X inactivation (10) Germline mosaicism Cytogenetics and Clinical Cytogenetics 1. General principles of cytogenetics (1) Chromosome classification, identification and karyotyp G banding, Q banding, R banding, C banding, high-resolution banding, FISH 2. Chromosome abnormalities (1) Types of Chromosome abnormality `$ Abnormalities of chromosome number, mosaic Euploid, aneuploid, nondisjunction a$ Abnormalities of chromosome structure Deletion, duplication, isochromosome, inversion, reciprocal translocation, Robertsonian translocation, insertion, ring chromosomes b$ Nomenclature of human chromosome (2) Disorders of autosome chromosome Down syndrome, trisomy18, trisomy 13, Cri Du Chat syndrome, fragile X syndrome, microdeletion syndromes (3) The sex chromosomes and their abnormalities `$ The testis-determining gene a$ Y-linked genes in spermatogenesis b$ The X inactivation center and the XIST gene c$ Abnormalities of sex chromosomes Klinefelter syndrome, 47, XXY syndrome, trisomy X, Turner syndrome, (4) Disorders of gonadal and sexual development `$ True hermaphroditism a$ Female pseudohermaphroditism Congenital adrenal hyperplasia b$ Male pseudohermaphroditism Androgen insensitivity syndrome c$ Sex determination and Sex reversal SRY Prenatal diagnosis for congenital abnormalities 1. Indications for prenatal diagnosis 2. Methods of prenatal diagnosis (1) Invasive testing Amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS), cordocentesis (2) Noninvasive testing Maternal serum screen, ultrasonography 3. Emerging technologies for prenatal diagnosis PGD Fetal cells in maternal blood 4. Laboratory Studies Cytogenetics in prenatal diagnosis Demonstration of various techniques such as FISH Biochemical assays for metabolic diseases DNA analysis Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), SSCP, DHPLC, DNA hybridization, DNA sequencing, gene microarrays Genetics of Disorders with Complex Inheritance 1. Genetic analysis of qualitative traits 2. Genetic analysis of quantitative traits (1) Heritability (2) Characteristics of inheritance of complex disease 3. Diseases with complex inheritance Digenic retinitis pigmentosa, Hirschsprung disease, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer disease, multifactorial congenital malformations: neural tube defect, cleft lip and cleft palate, congenital heart defects. Mitochondrial Genetic Disorders 1. The physiology of mitochondria 2. Special features of mitochondrial genetics (1) Maternal inheritance of mtDNA (2) Homoplasmy and heteroplasmy (3) Interaction between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes 3. mtDNA mutations and diseases Leber disease (LHON), MERRF Molecular Disease and Inborn Errors of Metabolism 1. The effect of mutation on protein function (1) Loss-of-Function mutation (2) Gain-of-Function mutation (3) Mutations associated with heterochronic or ectopic gene expression 2. Hemoglobins and their diseases (1) Structure and function of hemoglobin (2) Developmental expression of globin genes and globin switching (3) Genetic disorders of hemoglobin Hemoglobin structural variants: HbS, HbC Thalassemias: -thalassemia, -thalassemia Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin 3. Enzyme defects Aminoacidopathies Phenylketonuria (PKU), albinism and alcaptonuria Defects in purine metabolism Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Lysosomal storage diseases Tay-Sachs disease, mucopolysaccharidoses (4) Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency: deficiency of a protease inhibitor 4. Defects in receptor proteins Familial hypercholesterolemia Genetic Variation in Populations 1. Phenotypes, genotypes, and gene frequencies 2. The Hardy-Weinberg Law 3. Applications of the Hardy-Weinberg Law 4. Factors that disturb Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (1) Exceptions to random mating (2) Exceptions constant allele frequency (3) Genetic drift (4) Gene flow Genetic Counseling 1. evalsuating family history and medical records 2. Ordering genetic tests 3. evalsuating the results of this investigation 4. Helping patients understand and reach decisions about what to do next Recommended Textbook: Nussbuam RL, et al. Thompson & Thompson Genetics in Medicine, 6th edition. Saunders Company, 2004. Supplementary Reading: 1Passarge E. Color Atlas of Genetics, 3rd ed. Thieme Verlag, 2006 2. Rimoin DL et al. Emery and Rimoin's Principles and Practice of Medical Genetics edition: Continually Updated Online Reference, 3-Volume Set. 5th ed. Churchill Livingstone, 2006 PHYSIOLOGY Course: General introduction: homeostasis Homeostasis Control systems Evolution Medically-related examples Cellular physiology: receptors, excitable cells Cell membrane: properties Cell membrane: permeability Cell membrane: transport Bioelectricity Resting membrane potential Action potential Excitation-contraction coupling Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Receptors Medically-related examples Cardiovascular system Blood Heart Electrocardiogram Cardiac cycle Neural regulation of cardiac function Intrinsic regulation of cardiac function Cardiac output Hemodynamics Special circulations Endocrine system Hypothalamic control system Anterior pituitary hormones Posterior pituitary hormones Thyroid: control of functions Actions of thyroid hormones Adrenals Functions of cortisol Cortisol & stress Endocrine control of growth Gastrointestinal system Chewing & swallowing Gastric secretion Regulation of gastric secretion Biliary & pancreatic secretions Colon Nutrition I Nutrition II Nervous system Synaptic transmission Neurotransmitters & receptors Sensory coding Sensory perception Pain Control of pain Motor systems Reflexes Voluntary movements Respiratory system Lung volumes & capacities Mechanics of ventilation Ventilation-perfusion ratio Gas exchange I Gas exchange II Neural/chemical regulation of respiration Artificial respiration Urogenital system Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis Male reproductive physiology Female reproductive physiology Puberty Pregnancy Introduction to renal system Hemodynamics & glomerular filtration Renal tubule functions I Renal tubule functions II Regulation of renal functions Micturition Integrated responses to internal/external change Autonomic nervous system Work physiology Life at high altitude Heat and cold Growth, development and senescence Recommended Textbook: Widmaier EP, Raff H, Strang KT (2006) Vander抯 Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function, Tenth Edition. McGraw-Hill Supplementary Reading: Levy MN, Koeppen BM, Stanton BA (2005) Berne & Levy, Principles of Physiology, Fourth Edition. Mosby. MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY Course: Antigens Immunoglobulins Complement system Cytokines and cytokine receptors Cell adhesion molecules and leukocyte differentiation antigens Major histocompatibility complex Immune system Immune organs Lymphocytes: T, B lymphocytes and natural killer cells Other immune cells Antigen-presenting cells and antigen presentation Immune response Cell-mediated immune response Humoral immune response Immune tolerance and autoimmunity Hypersensitivity Immunodeficiency Tumor immunity Transplantation immunity Immunological prophylaxis and immunotherapy Recommended Textbook: Abul K. Abbas and Andrew H. Lichtman. Basic Immunology: Function of the Immune System. 2nd Ed. Elsevier Saunders. 2004 Supplementary Reading: Abul K. Abbas and Andrew H. Lichtman. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 5th Ed. Elsevier Saunders. 2005 MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & PARASITOLOGY Course: I. Bacteriology Fundamentals of bacteriology Bacterial cell structure Optical methods and staining Bacterial morphology, size General structures Component and function of cell well and characteristics of Gram positive versus Gram negative bacteria, wall-less forms of bacteria Important bacteria structures: plasmids, flagella, pili, capsules and spores Classification of Bacteria The Growth, Survival, & Death of Microorganism Single cell growth dynamics, population cell growth dynamics/growth curve Sterilization, disinfection, bacteriosestasis, antisepsis, asepsis: definitions and various methods Cultivation of Microorganism Growth requirements Microbial Metabolism Catabolic products and biochemical testing Synthetic Products and their medical importance Microbial Genetics/heredity and variation of bacteria Bacterial genome Mutation of bacteria Mechanisms for bacterial gene transfer: transformation, transduction, conjugation Normal flora & opportunistic infectious & hospital acquired infections Parthenogenesis of bacteria infection and body responses Identifying bacteria that cause disease/Koch抯 postulates Original and development of bacterial infection: source of infection, transmission of bacteria, types of bacterial infection Bacterial virulence factors: adhesion, penetration and spread, survival in the host, tissue injury (Exotoxins, endotoxins, immunopathology) Overview of bacterial identification Sample collection, isolation/pure culture, identification/microscopy and biochemical, classification (species, type), susceptibility to antibiotics Medical important microbes and associated diseases: The Staphylococci, The Streptococci, & The Neisseriae Enteric GramNegative Rods (Enterobacteriaceae) Escherichia, Shigellae, &Salmonella Vibrioses, & Helicobacter pylori Anaerobic Bacteria Spore-Forming Gram-Positive Clostridum (C. tetani, C. perfringens, C. botulinum, C. difficile) Non-Spore-Forming Anaerobic Bacteria Mycobacteria: M. Tuberculosi Corynebacterium C. Diphtheriae Spirochetes & Other Spiral Microorganism Leptospira & Leptospirosis Treponema Mycoplasmas & Cell wall-defective bacteria Rickettsial Diseases Chlamydiae II. Mycology General properties & classification of fungi Growth and isolation of fungi Clinical manifestations Superficial mycoses Cutaneous mycoses Subcutaneous mycoses Systemic mycoses Opportunistic mycoses III. Virology General Properties of Viruses Morphology, structure and chemical composition of viruses Cultivation & assay of viruses Replication of viruses Genetics of human viruses Natural history & modes of transmission of Viruses Pathogenesis & Control of Viral Diseases Viruses Associated with Respiratory Infections Orthomyxoviridae: Influenza Virus Paramyxovirus & Rubella Viruses: Parainfluenza Virus, Measles, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Mumps virus, Rubella Virus& Adenovirus Replication of viruses Viruses Associated with Gastrointestinal Tract Infections Enterovirus & Rotavirus Piliovirus, Coxsackievirus, ECHO, & Others, Reoviridae & Rotavirus Hepatitis Virus Herpesviridae: HSV, Human Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr Virus, & HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8. HIV and Lentivirinae 2 hr Rabies, Slow Virus Infections, & Prion Diseases Human Cancer Viruses IV. Parasitology Principles of human Parasitology Parasite biology and parasitosis Parasite biology Host- parasite relationship Immunology of parasite infection Characters of parasitoses Epidemiology, control and prevention of parasitoses The basic links on the transmission of parasitoses Influencing the epidemiological factors Characters of parasitoses prevailing Measures on prevention and treatment of parasitic diseases Medical helminthology Nematodes Conspectus of nematoda Ascaris lumbricoides Trichuris trichiura Enterobius vermicularis Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus Trichinella spiralis Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi Trematodes Conspectus of trematoda Clonorchis sinensis Fasciolopsis buski Paragonimus westwemani Pagumogonimus skrjabini Schistosome Cestodes Conspectus of cestode Taenia solium Taenia saginata Echinococcus granulosus Spirometra mansoni Medical protozoa Conspectus of medical protozoa Class Lobosea Entamoeba histolytica Entamoeba coli Pathogenic and self-generating amoeba Class Zoomastigophorea Leishmania donovani Giardia lamblia Trichomonas vaginalis Class Sporozoa Plasmodium Opportunistic protozoa: Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium & Pneumocystis carinii Medical Arthropod Conspectus Concept and classification Harmfullness on human Prevention and cure for medical arthropod Arachnida Tick Chigger mite Itch mite Demodex Insecta Mosquito Fly Sand fly Flea Louse Recommended Textbook: Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology (LANGE Basic Science) 22nd Ed. by Geo F. Brooks, Janet S. Butel, Stephen A. Morse. 2001 McGraw-Hill/People抯 Medical Publishing House of China Medical Microbiology: A Guide to Microbial Infections Pathogenesis, Immunity, Laboratory Diagnosis and Control by David Greenwood, John F. Peutherer, Richard C.B. Slack. 2002 Elsevier Science Health Science div Human Parasitology (Paperback) by 2nd Edition Bogitsh and Cheng. 2006 Academic Press Supplementary Reading: 1. Murray抯. Medical Microbiology, 5th Ed. 2. MIM抯 Medical Microbiology, Updated Edition, 3rd Ed. 3. Human Parasitology, 3rd Ed by Burton J. Bogitsh, Clint E. Carter, Thomas N. Oeltmann. 4. Atlas of Human Parasitology, 4th Ed by Lawrence R. Ash, Thomas C. Orihel. PATHOLOGY Course: Fever 1. Etiology 2. Pathogenesis 3. Stages of manifestations 4. Alterations of metabolism and function 5. Pathophysiological basis of prevention and treatment Hypoxia 1. Parameters of blood oxygen 2. Classification, Etiology and Mechanisms of Hypoxia 3. Alterations of metabolism and function in the body 4. Pathophysiological basis of prevention and treatment Water and Electrolytes Balance and Imbalance 1. Water and sodium balance and imbalance 2. Disorders of sodium and water metabolism 3. Disorders of Potassium metabolism Acid-Base Balance and Imbalance 1. Normal acid-base balance 2. Parameters of acid-base balance 3. Simple acid-base balance 4. Mixed acid-base balance Signal transduction and the Related Disorders 1. General concept 2. Major pathways for cell signaling 3. Dysfunction of cell signaling in disease 4. Pathophysiological basis of prevention and treatment of disease Stress and Related Disease 1. Etiology and pathogenesis 2. Alterations of metabolism and function 3. Stress and disease 4. Basic principle of prevention and treatment for stress disorders Shock 1. Etiology and classification of shock 2. Pathogenesis of shock 3. Alterations of metabolism and function 4. Features of several common types of shock 5. Pathophysiological basis of prevention and treatment Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 1. Etiology 2. Pathology 3. Pathogenesis 4. Factors influence the development of DIC 5. Clinical classification of DIC 6. Alterations of metabolism and function 7. Pathophysiological basis of prevention and treatment Heart Failure 1. Fundamental knowledge 2. Etiology and Classification 4. Compensatory responses 5. Pathogenesis 6. Clinical manifestation 7. Pathophysiological basis of prevention and treatment Respiratory Failure 1. Etiology and Classification 2. Pathogenesis 3. Alterations of metabolism and function 4. Pathophysiological basis of prevention and treatment Renal Failure 1. Acute renal failure 2. Chronic renal failure 3. Uremia General Pathology 1. Cell Injury and Adaptation a) Cell injury: Causes and Mechanism: Ischemic, Toxic. b) Reversible cell injury: Types, morphology: Swelling, vacuolation, hyaline, fatty change, pathological pigments, etc. c) Irreversible cell injury: Types of Necrosis, Apoptosis, Cellular Aging. d) Adaptation: Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Hypoplasia, Metaplasia, Malformation and Agenesis. e) Amyloidosis: classification, Pathogenesis, Morphology f) Calcification: Dystrophic and Metastatic 2. Tissue Repair a) Wound healing by primary and secondary union, factors promoting and delaying the process b) Healing at specific sites including bone healing 3. Inflammation a) Acute inflammation: Features, causes, vascular and cellular events. b) Morphologic variants of acute inflammation c) Inflammatory cells and Mediators d) Chronic inflammation: Causes, types, nonspecific and Granulomatous with examples 4. Circulatory Disturbances a) Edema: Pathogenesis and types b) Chronic venous congestion: Pathogenesis and changes in Lung, Liver, Spleen c) Thrombosis and Embolism: Formation, Fate and Effects d) Infarction: Types, common sites, Gangrene e) Shock: Pathogenesis, Types, Morphologic changes f) Derangements of Fluid and electrolyte imbalance 5. Neoplasia a) Conception of Neoplasia b) Neoplasia: Nomenclature, Classification, Histogenesis, Growth disturbances: Dysplasia, Anaplasia, Atypia, Morphological characteristics of Benign and Malignant Neoplasia, Biologic Behaviour: Benign and Malignant; Carcinoma and Sarcoma c) Malignant Neoplasia: Grades and Stages, Local and distant spread d) Carcinogenesis: Environmental carcinogens, chemical, viral, occupational, Heredity and cellular oncogenes e) Tumor and Host Interactions: Systemic effects including paraneoplastic syndromes, Tumor immunology f) Laboratory diagnosis: Cytology, Biopsy, Tumor markers 6. Immunopathology a) Hypersensitivity: types and examples, Antibody and cell mediated tissue injury with examples. b) Primary immunodeficiency c) Secondary Immunodeficiency including HIV Infection (see to chapter 11: Infectious Diseases) d) Auto-immune disorders like systemic lupus erythematosis; organ specific and non-organ specific such as polyarteritis nodosa, Hashimoto抯 disease. f) Tumor Immunity g) Organ transplantation: Immunologic basis of Rejection and Graft versus host reaction Systemic Pathology 1. Cardiovascular Pathology a) Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Heart Disease; Myocardial Infarction b) Diseases of blood vessels other than atherosclerosis c) Hypertension and Hypertensive Heart Disease d) Rheumatic fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease: Pathogenesis, Morphology and effects e) Infective Endocarditis: Causes, Pathogenesis and Morphology f) Congenital Heart Disease: ASD, VSD, Fallot抯 Bicuspid aortic valve, PDA g) Pericarditis and other pericardial diseases h) Cardiomyopathy 2. Respiratory Pathology a) Structure of Bronchial tree and alveolar walls, normal and altered lung function; concept of obstructive and restrictive lung disorders b) Inflammatory diseases of bronchi: chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive lung disease c) Pneumonias: Lobar, Broncho, Interstitial d) Pulmonary suppuration including lung abscess: Etiopathogenesis and Morphology e) Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Primary and Secondary, Morphologic types including pleuritis (see to chapter 11: Infectious Diseases). f) Emphysema: Types, pathogenesis g) Atelectasis and Hyaline Membrane Disease h) Tumors: Benign; Carcinoid, Malignant; Squamous cell, Oat cell, Adeno, etiopathogenesis. i) Occupational lung disorders: anthracosis, silicosis, asbestosis, mesothelioma 3. Pathology of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract a) Oral Pathology: Leukoplakia; Carcinoma oral Cavity and Esophagus b) Salivary gland tumors: Mixed, Adenoid cystic, warthin抯 c) Gastritis: Chronic Gastritis and Acute Gastritis. Peptic ulcer: etiopathogenesis and complications; gastritis: types d) Inflammatory diseases of small intestine: Typhoid, Tuberculosis, Crohn抯. e) Inflammatory diseases of appendix and large intestine: Amoebic colitis, Bacillary dysentery, Ulcerative Colitis, Appendictis f) Ischemic and Pseudomembranous enterocolitis, diverticulosis. g) Tumors of stomach: Benign; Polyp, Leiomyoma, Malignant; Adenocarcinoma, Lymphoma Tumors and Tumor like condition of the large and small intestine : Polyps, Carcinoid, Carcinoma, Lymphoma 4. Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas Pathology a) Jaundice: Types, Pathogenesis and Differentiation b) Hepatitis: Acute and Chronic, Etiology, Pathogenesis and Pathology c) Cirrhosis: Etiology, Postnecrotic, Alcoholic, Metabolic, Pathology, Morphology (Macronodular, Micronodular, Mixed), complications. d) Portal Hypertension: Types including non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis and Manifestations e) Tumors of Liver: hepatocellular and metastatic carcinoma, tumor markers f) Concept of hepatocellular failure. g) Diseases of the gall bladder: Cholecystitis, Cholelithiasis, Carcinoma. h) Pancreatitis i) Pancreatic tumors: Endocrine, Exocrine and periampullary. 5. Urinary Tract Pathology a) Renal structure, Ultrastructure of filtering membrane of glomerulus, Basis of impaired function. b) Glomerulonephritis: Classification, Primary Proliferative and Non Proliferative c) Secondary Glomerulonephritis: SLE, Purpura, Polyarteritis, Amyloidosis, Diabetes d) Nephrotic Syndrome e) Pyelonephritis, Reflux Nephropathy, Interstitial Nephritis f) Renal tumors: Renal cell carcinoma, Nephroblastoma g) Acute Renal Failure: Acute tubular and cortical necrosis h) Progressive renal failure and end stage renal disease i) Renal vascular disorders, kidney changes in Hypertension j) Urinary bladder: cystitis, carcinoma k) Urinary Tract Tuberculosis l) Urolithiasis and Obstructive Uropathy m) Renal Malformations: Polycystic kidneys 6. Hemato-lymphoreticular pathology a) Lymphadenitis: nonspecific, Granulomatous b) Hodgkin抯 and Non-Hodgkin抯 Lymphomas: Classification, Morphology c) Diseases of the spleen: Splenomegaly causes and effects d) Leukocytic disorders: Leukocytosis, leukopenia, leukemoid reaction e) Acute and chronic Leukemia: Classification, Diagnosis f) Myeloproliferative disorders: Polycythemia, Myelofibrosis g) Multiple myeloma and dysproteinemias h) Thymus: Dysgenesis, Atrophy, Hyperplasia, Neoplasia i) Anaemia: classification and clinical features; clinical and lab. approach to diagnosis j) Hemostatic disorders: Platelet deficiency; ITP, Drug induced, secondary k) Coagulopathies: Coagulation factor deficiency; hemophilia, DIC and anticoagulant control l) Blood transfusion: grouping and cross matching, untoward reactions, transmissible infections including HIV and hepatitis 7. Reproductive System a) Diseases of cervix: cervicitis, cervical carcinoma, etiology, types and cytologic diagnosis b) Hormonal influences and histological appearances of different phases of menstrual cycle and the abnormalities associated with it c) Diseases of uterus: endometritis, endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma, adenomyosis, smooth muscle tumors d) Trophoblastic disease: Hydatidiform mole, Choriocarcinoma e) Diseases of the breast: Mastitis, abscess, Fibrocystic disease, Neoplastic lesions: Fibroadenoma, Carcinoma, Phyllodes tumor f) Prostate: Nodular Hyperplasia and Carcinoma g) Ovarian and testicular tumors h) Carcinoma of penis i) Pelvic inflammatory diseases including salpingitis j) Genital Tuberculosis 8. Osteopathology a) Osteomyelitis: Acute, Chronic, Tuberculous, Mycetoma b) Metabolic diseases: Rickets/Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis, Hyperparathyroidisism c) Tumors: Primary, Osteosarcoma, Osteoclastoma, Ewing抯 Sarcoma, Chondrosarcoma; Metastatic d) Arthritis: Rheumatoid, Osteo and tuberculous 9. Endocrine Pathology a) Diabetes Mellitus: Types, Pathogenesis, pathology b) Nonneoplastic lesions of thyroid: Iodine deficiency goiter, autoimmune thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis, myxedema c) Tumors of thyroid adenoma, carcinoma: Papillary, Follicular, Medullary, Anaplastic d) Adrenal diseases: Cortical hyperplasia, atrophy, tuberculosis, tumors of cortex and medulla e) Parathyroid hyperplasia and tumors and Hyperparathyroidism f) Pituitary tumors g) Multiple endocrine neoplasia 10. Neuropathology Cerebrovascular diseases: Atherosclerosis, thrombosis, embolism, aneurysm, Hypoxia, Infarction and Hemorrhage, CSF and its disturbances: raised intracranial pressure, cerebral edema and hernia. Traumatic lesions of CNS. c) CNS tumors primary: glioma and meningioma (excluding histopathology) and metastatic d) Inflammatory disorders: Pyogenic and tuberculous meningitis, brain abscess, tuberculoma e) Peripheral neuropathies and demyelnating disorders f) Diseases of muscles 11. Infectious Diseases a) Mycobacterial Diseases: Tuberculosis and Leprosy b) Bacterial diseases: Pyogenic, Typhoid, Diphtheria, Gram negative infection, Bacillary dysentery, Syphilis c) Viral: Polio, Herpes, Rabies, Measles; Rickettsial, Chlamydial infection d) Fungal diseases and opportunistic infections. e) Parasitic Diseases: Malaria, Filaria, Amebiasis, Schistosomiasis, Hydatid, Kala-azar, Cysticercosis, f) AIDS: Aetiology, modes of transmission, diagnostic procedures and handling of infected material and health education. 12. Miscellaneous Disorders a) Autosomal and sex-linked disorders with examples b) Metabolic disorders c) Protein energy malnutrition and vitamin deficiency disorders d) Radiation Injury e) Disorders of Pigment and Mineral metabolism such as bilirubin, melanin, hemosiderin Recommended Textbooks 1. Robbin抯 Basic Pathology, 7th or 8th edition. 2. Robbin抯 Pathologic Basis of Diseases, 7th edition. 3. J. E. C. Underwood抯 General and Systematic Pathology Supplementary Reading: Pathophysiology. Wang Jianzhi, Jin Huiming. Fifth Edition. People抯 Medical Publishing House 2005. ISBN: 7-117-06656-3 Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of altered Health States. Carol Mattson Porth. Second edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2005. ISBN:0-7817-7087-4 PHARMACOLOGY Course: (A) General pharmacology Drug receptors & pharmacodynamics Pharmacokinetics Drug biotransformation factors modifying drug response (B) Autonomic pharmacology & Peripheral nervous system Cholinoceptor-Activating drugs Cholinesterase-Inhibiting drugs & Cholinesterase reactivators Cholinoceptor-Blocking Drugs (I) : muscarinic receptor-blocking drugs Cholinoceptor-Blocking Drugs (II) :ganglionic blockers & neuromuscular blockers Adrenoceptor-Activating & other Sympathomimetic Drugs Adrenoceptor- Antagonist Drugs (C) Central nervous system CNS drugs neurotransmitters, definition and common transmitters Sedative hypnotic drug Anti-seizure drugs Antidepressant agents Antipsychotic agents Pharmacologic management of Parkinson抯 disease & other movement disorders Opioid analgesics & antagonists General anesthetics Local Anesthetics (D) Autacoids Histamine and antihistaminics The eicosanoids: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxane and PAF Substance P, bradykinin Drugs used in asthma (E) Cardiovascular system Antihypertensive agents Vasodilators & the treatment of angina pectoris Cardiac glycosides & other drugs used in congestive heart failure Agents used in cardiac arrhythmias Diuretic agents (F) Drugs used to treat diseases of the blood, inflammation and gout Agents used in anemias drugs used in disorders of coagulation Agents used in hyperlipidemia Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, nonopioid analgesics, & drugs used in gout (G) Endocrine drugs Hypothalamic & pituitary hormones Thyroid & antithyroid drugs Adrenocorticosteroids & adrenocortical antagonists Pancreatic hormones & antidiabetic drugs The gonadal hormones & inhibitors Agents that affect bone mineral homeostasis (H) Chemotherapy General principles of antimicrobial chemotherapy, rational use of antibiotics Beta-lactam antibiotics & other inhibitors of cell wall synthesis Aminoglycosiddes & spectinomycin Sulfonamides, trimethoprim & quinolones Antimycobacterial drugs Antifungal agents Clinical use of antimicrobial agents Basic principles of antiparasitic chemotherapy Cancer chemotherapy (I) Special topics Special aspects of perinatal & pediatric pharmacology Special aspects of geriatric pharmacology Drugs Used in Gastrointestinal diseases Management of the poisoned patient Rational prescribing & prescription writing Recommended Textbook: Bertram G. Katzung (2006). Basic & Clinical Pharmacology (9th edition) McGraw-Hill Supplementary Reading: Joel G. Hardman, Lee E. Limbird (2002) Goodman & Gilman抯 - The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (10th edition). McGraw-Hill. BiosesTATISTICS Course: Descriptive statistics Descriptive summaries Graphical methods Probability and probability models Probability introduction Normal distributions Sampling distributions Inferences about population parameters Point and interval estimation of a mean Hypothesis testing: one-sample test of the mean Hypothesis testing: two-sample test of the mean Inferences for categorical data Binomial distribution Contingency tables Goodness of fit tests Recommended Textbook: Rosner, Bernard R. Fundamental of Biosestatistics, 6th Edition. Brooks Cole, 25 February 2005.ISBN:0495064416 Supplementary Reading: Richard, J., Rao, Sundar P.S.S. Introduction to Biosestatistics and Research Methods, 4th Edition. Prentice-Hall of India, January 2006.ISBN:8120328760 MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY Course: Main Theories of Medical Psychology 1. Theory of psychoanalysis 2. Theory of beh 8HJLVr|   " & , . 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Theory of psychobiology 4. Theory of cognition General Psychology 1.neural basis of mind 2. cognition 3. Emotion 4. Will 5. Personality Psychological Stress 1. Life event 2. Cognitive evalsuation 3. Social support 4. Coping 5. Psychosomatic mechanisms Psychological Assessment 1. Questionnaire/Interview schedule designing 2. Practical: Construction and pre-testing of questionnaire/ interview schedule 3. Attitudes: nature, development, methods to change 4. Measurement of attitudes 5. Questionnaire design to test attitudes. Psychological Therapy 1. Psychoanalytic psychotherapy 2. Cognitive Therapy 3. Behavior therapy 4. Morita therapy 5. Hyponotic therapy 6. Suggestion therapy 7. Biofeedback therapy Clinical Psychosomatic Problems 1. Vascular disease 2. Cancer Abnormal Psychology and Behavior Disorders 1. Anxiety 2. Depression 3. Addiction 4. Smoking 5. Obesity Other Clinical Psychological Problems 1. Sleeping 2. Pain Patient Psychology and Doctor-patient Relationship 1. Patient Psychology 2. Doctor-patient communication Recommended Textbook: 1. Richard J. Gerrig, Philip G. Zimbardo, A. Psychology and Life 16th Edition, Pearson Company, 2002 Supplementary Reading: 1. Susana Urbina. Psychological Testing: Study Guide 7th Edition (Paperback), Prentice Hall, 1997 2. Paul Bennett. Abnormal and Clinical psychology, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 EPIDEMIOLOGY Course: Epidemiologic Measures - Rates: Incidence, Prevalsence, etc - Ratio - Proportions Risk Sources of epidemiological data Causation  Concept of causation Bradford Hills criteria of causation Cross sectional and case studies Concept of cross sectional study design 朿haracteristic & application Screening Tests, Diagnostic Tests Study design Index of validity & repeatability Predictive value Longitudinal study Concept of longitudinal sectional Study design Characteristic & application Calculate the data Case control study Concept of case control study Study design Characteristic & application Calculate the data Randomized Control Trials Concept of RCT Study design Characteristic & application The epidemiology of communicable diseases & non-communicable diseases 朠lan and investigate an epidemic of a communicable disease in a hospital/ community setting, and institute control measures 杢he cold chain and the importance of maintaining the cold chain 杢he immunization schedule 杙ublic health surveillance Recommended Textbook: R. S. Greenberg, S. R. Daniels, W.D. Flanders, et al. Medical Epidemiology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 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